tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1991895422276195442024-03-21T06:28:59.300-07:00MPH 720 Global Environmental Health Issuesdebassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-18103902425771226722010-07-27T12:17:00.000-07:002010-07-27T12:28:26.658-07:00Trichinella spiralis<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilXKd5jSCxvtReOloxnkVEa-T1TZzMAJcmh-B9qRBu9TPoCvps5ENw6LJY-nkB9u8e6RZkSiyAOVXiAlBRIxfhA-EtksDJhSFXlB8HRsJjGdx_gooVRiHppXIL7OKJ3zlFiD4l2vBUGrc/s1600/Trichinella+eye+swelling.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 285px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilXKd5jSCxvtReOloxnkVEa-T1TZzMAJcmh-B9qRBu9TPoCvps5ENw6LJY-nkB9u8e6RZkSiyAOVXiAlBRIxfhA-EtksDJhSFXlB8HRsJjGdx_gooVRiHppXIL7OKJ3zlFiD4l2vBUGrc/s400/Trichinella+eye+swelling.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498670019371529058" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisdHzb-D5D5t2HDb7vDlhoPjKmVBtQS1lf-Enc_-c2ZhZWyf0iSmk4Wl0IHWqqwd4ivA0g-OsyhX-nLgJk3DFd4P-fi4d5pgNm7jORtx5_Ca91ZJzPRjycT1lc4qGB2u2y1hmvVDISQow/s1600/Pepsin-HCl+isolated+L1.jpg"></a><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisdHzb-D5D5t2HDb7vDlhoPjKmVBtQS1lf-Enc_-c2ZhZWyf0iSmk4Wl0IHWqqwd4ivA0g-OsyhX-nLgJk3DFd4P-fi4d5pgNm7jORtx5_Ca91ZJzPRjycT1lc4qGB2u2y1hmvVDISQow/s1600/Pepsin-HCl+isolated+L1.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><img style="text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 383px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisdHzb-D5D5t2HDb7vDlhoPjKmVBtQS1lf-Enc_-c2ZhZWyf0iSmk4Wl0IHWqqwd4ivA0g-OsyhX-nLgJk3DFd4P-fi4d5pgNm7jORtx5_Ca91ZJzPRjycT1lc4qGB2u2y1hmvVDISQow/s400/Pepsin-HCl+isolated+L1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498669931714185570" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih5i4SCqIm7hjlaXslsvBVq1_1JPri2VhWTEB6zuXlc_G0yxLbUyGqoCAGaFJT92EW6-jD26caKm6sLwVCSycoJbGBNcjRHKeJ9lqaxgST2Kv-Y01MA6rZfEzIP6ZEGCB9lFUb60wzM-s/s1600/081129151143-large.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 269px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih5i4SCqIm7hjlaXslsvBVq1_1JPri2VhWTEB6zuXlc_G0yxLbUyGqoCAGaFJT92EW6-jD26caKm6sLwVCSycoJbGBNcjRHKeJ9lqaxgST2Kv-Y01MA6rZfEzIP6ZEGCB9lFUb60wzM-s/s400/081129151143-large.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498669820222047058" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpeBlftny6RbqxYrFeiszisbyBQmNkZ7c52-6dOBs6LEmGlS-M1NPT31kXb_2YpmQNkgVjaqM13MUxzp2Ec40DjSyihzTOLNcNG9drACAwY0z0ej7bwBOkXJUtuBBWeAew-QWCYmFLuQg/s1600/1.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpeBlftny6RbqxYrFeiszisbyBQmNkZ7c52-6dOBs6LEmGlS-M1NPT31kXb_2YpmQNkgVjaqM13MUxzp2Ec40DjSyihzTOLNcNG9drACAwY0z0ej7bwBOkXJUtuBBWeAew-QWCYmFLuQg/s400/1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498669676971968578" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Trichinella spiralis</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is a nematode </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite" title="Parasite" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">parasite</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, occurring in rats, pigs, and humans, and is responsible for the disease </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">trichinosis</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. It is sometimes referred to as the "pork worm" due to it being found commonly in pork or rat products that are undercooked.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Trichinella species are the smallest nematode parasite of human, which has an unusual life cycle and one of the most widespread and clinically important parasites in the world. The small adult worms mature in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestine" title="Intestine" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">intestine</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> of an intermediate host such as a pig. Each adult female produces batches of live </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" title="Larva" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">larvae</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, which bore through the intestinal wall, enter the blood (to feed on it) and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">lymphatic system</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, and are carried to</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_muscle" title="Striated muscle" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">striated muscle</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> Once in the muscle, they </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">encyst</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, or become enclosed in a capsule. Humans can be infected by eating infected pork or wild</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivores" title="Carnivores" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">carnivores</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> such as fox, cat or bear.</span></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Trichinella spiralis</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is a parasitic nematode that has a direct life cycle, meaning that it completes all stages of development in one host. The larval forms of </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">T. spinalis</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> are encapsulated as a small cystic structure within the infected host. Human typically become infected when they eat improperly cooked pork or </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Trichinella</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> infected meat. When a human eats the infected meat, the larvae are released from the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_cell" title="Nurse cell" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">nurse cell</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> (due to stomach pH) and migrate to the intestine where they burrow into the intestinal mucosa, mature, and reproduce . Interestingly, juveniles within nurse cells have an anaerobic or facultative anaerobic metabolism but when they become activated adopt an aerobic metabolism characteristics of the adult. </span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The first symptoms may appear between 12 hours and two days after ingestion of infected meat. The migration of worms in the intestinal </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">epithelium</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> can cause traumatic damage to the host tissue and the waste products they excrete can provoke an immunological reaction. The resulting inflammation can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sweating and diarrhea. Five to seven days after the appearance of symptoms facial </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema" title="Edema" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">edema</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and fever may occur. After 10 days intense muscular pain, difficulty breathing, weakening of pulse and blood pressure, heart damage and various nervous disorders may occur, eventually leading to death due to heart failure, respiratory complications or kidney malfunction</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 10px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 10px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 10px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Muscle biopsy is used for trichinosis detection. Several immunodiagnostic tests are also available. Typically patients are treated with either </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebendazole" title="Mebendazole" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Mebendazole</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albendazole" title="Albendazole" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Albendazole</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> but efficacy of such products are uncertain. Symptoms can be relieved by use of analgesics and corticosteroids.</span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-66223864588664077882010-07-21T17:00:00.000-07:002010-07-27T11:29:31.691-07:00Naegleria fowleri<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfr8UhTIQPcoLawqq7KxThXRoySVwFj1WgZWMpEiEgvF3il6rZjmv2o6DFWCAgH5YnhyphenhyphentXhK9LTEUAh8iU1QZGblcmoYCHOM9gt78FNKW_b6TJBqJzPmXVeim1liSOCEzELs9vP5gC6LM/s1600/Naegleria.gif"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 334px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfr8UhTIQPcoLawqq7KxThXRoySVwFj1WgZWMpEiEgvF3il6rZjmv2o6DFWCAgH5YnhyphenhyphentXhK9LTEUAh8iU1QZGblcmoYCHOM9gt78FNKW_b6TJBqJzPmXVeim1liSOCEzELs9vP5gC6LM/s400/Naegleria.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498654264380957170" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgftYXU_pcgVoitntqoqj8yAcb_vPBmVOHrTlhyLEKvihTPTaeEZe66saDpdp7Jxaxe5pdhc0AaINh0w7uFq0TUYqr3ffjXG3k2ziMS1UiY4-ymgACAE2QlWxhUahP4dLaCB5GvmVMrSe4/s1600/Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 161px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgftYXU_pcgVoitntqoqj8yAcb_vPBmVOHrTlhyLEKvihTPTaeEZe66saDpdp7Jxaxe5pdhc0AaINh0w7uFq0TUYqr3ffjXG3k2ziMS1UiY4-ymgACAE2QlWxhUahP4dLaCB5GvmVMrSe4/s400/Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498653253763211330" /></a><br /><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">N</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">aegleria </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">fowler</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">i</span></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><b> </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">is a "brain eating" amaeba, free-living </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavate" title="Excavate" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">excavate</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> form of </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" title="Protist" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">protist</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> typically found in warm bodies of fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and hot springs. It is also found in soil, near warm water discharges of industrial plants, and minimally chlorinated swimming pools, (there is no evidence of this amoeba living in ocean water) in an amoeboid or temporary flagellate stage. </span></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">LIFECYCLE</span></span></i></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Naegleria fowleri</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> exists in nature in three forms: a flagellate, an ameboid and a cyst.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Flagellate stage: A biflagellate form occurring when trophozites are exposed to a change in ionic concentration such as placement in distilled water. The transformation of trophozoites to </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">flagellate</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> form occurs within a few minutes.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Trophozoite stage: The reproductive stage of the protozoan organism, which grows fastest at around 42°C and proliferates by </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_fission" title="Binary fission" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">binary fission</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">. In their free-living state, trophozoites feed on bacteria. In tissues, trophozoites </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">phagocytize</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> red blood cells and white blood cells and destroy tissue.</span></span></p></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;">Cyst Stage: Trophozoites encyst due to unfavorable conditions. Factors that induce </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cyst" title="Microbial cyst" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">cyst</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"> form<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">ation can include food deprivation, crowding, desiccation, accumulation of waste products, and cold temperatures.</span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">DISEASE caused by N FOWLERI</span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 10px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">In humans, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">N. fowleri</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> can invade the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">central nervous system</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> via the nose, more specifically the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_mucosa" title="Olfactory mucosa" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">olfactory mucosa</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and cribriform plate of the nasal tissues. The penetration initially results in significant </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">necrosis</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> of and </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhaging" title="Hemorrhaging" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">hemorrhaging</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> in the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">olfactory bulbs</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> causing </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_amoebic_meningoencephalitis" title="Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">primary amoebic meningoencephalitis</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> (PAM or PAME). PAM is a </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">syndrome</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> affecting the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">central nervous system</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, characterized by changes in olfactory perception (taste and smell), followed by </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">vomiting</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">nausea</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever" title="Fever" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">fever</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache" title="Headache" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">headache</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, and the rapid onset of </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" title="Coma" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">coma</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" title="Death" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">death</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> in two weeks. </span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><p style="margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 4px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">It is found worldwide, most commonly, in:</span></span></span></p><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Warm bodies of fresh water, such as lakes, rivers</span></span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Geothermal water such as hot springs</span></span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Warm water discharge from industrial plants</span></span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Minimally chlorinated swimming pools</span></span></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Soil</span></span></span></li></ul></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Intermediate organism in </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; font-family:'Lucida Grande';"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Naegleria fowleri</span></i></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> life cycle (see CDC diagram)</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></span></div></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-71537023106610299292010-07-21T16:58:00.001-07:002010-07-27T11:41:53.069-07:00Wuchereria Bancrofti<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy1jpklukohEl_6AawGPObji54LJMKAGp4CPiUZOderCOH9ydAIMxuiLPKROfEQbB0HTCowUi9bEwJr46a-hv65OcNg4LmBbgNx3f851KdMvQMXcXuo3lvDjGLgaqPZykVUzUdx5lz7aA/s1600/image.png"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 238px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy1jpklukohEl_6AawGPObji54LJMKAGp4CPiUZOderCOH9ydAIMxuiLPKROfEQbB0HTCowUi9bEwJr46a-hv65OcNg4LmBbgNx3f851KdMvQMXcXuo3lvDjGLgaqPZykVUzUdx5lz7aA/s400/image.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498657949662926914" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBfIdMfGmMfb7htzknpt21sQfVMALeljaoxP7KpnDdPndPyNeuPxM5IwxSvtRMCQ5FaxLftOLN53d46MO1A_m81hUva2fqtueXrFwm9zq-81LDQG4TVds1JIeM8MpUXDGGpm3WzvipVeQ/s1600/5AG000_Wuch-banc_www-biosci-ohio-state.edu_Web_MX.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBfIdMfGmMfb7htzknpt21sQfVMALeljaoxP7KpnDdPndPyNeuPxM5IwxSvtRMCQ5FaxLftOLN53d46MO1A_m81hUva2fqtueXrFwm9zq-81LDQG4TVds1JIeM8MpUXDGGpm3WzvipVeQ/s400/5AG000_Wuch-banc_www-biosci-ohio-state.edu_Web_MX.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498657800431946962" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY27wrIsC5Imd3Y6lg4IUkyXKEUPVKGgcr_mU2obBU_o7MwPPWcgrbQzsvsnDeNeahe4UoXVcWJrIw_U5rLyqvJ8-0kwknj4Daqvjk4_5zCTLBHtFZ_o8jPQXbje0GnMPYNP1RLVLoRho/s1600/Armigeres_subalbatus_mosquito.jpg"></a><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY27wrIsC5Imd3Y6lg4IUkyXKEUPVKGgcr_mU2obBU_o7MwPPWcgrbQzsvsnDeNeahe4UoXVcWJrIw_U5rLyqvJ8-0kwknj4Daqvjk4_5zCTLBHtFZ_o8jPQXbje0GnMPYNP1RLVLoRho/s1600/Armigeres_subalbatus_mosquito.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><img style="text-align: center;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 267px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY27wrIsC5Imd3Y6lg4IUkyXKEUPVKGgcr_mU2obBU_o7MwPPWcgrbQzsvsnDeNeahe4UoXVcWJrIw_U5rLyqvJ8-0kwknj4Daqvjk4_5zCTLBHtFZ_o8jPQXbje0GnMPYNP1RLVLoRho/s400/Armigeres_subalbatus_mosquito.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498657342714706514" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikjgAO_F1-nPVttKI_jgvDS5TdC3xZeSXjAbuib4n587SQHUppOrrWpiGxtk7dFmLFGgfrW6wRZnEyVpl55xmTkbi2bidt3wpn2DlHLuAC1ep82fXx_9vztQMkNyG4SfxduEUY3EaQqg8/s1600/756px-Filariasis_01.png"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 317px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikjgAO_F1-nPVttKI_jgvDS5TdC3xZeSXjAbuib4n587SQHUppOrrWpiGxtk7dFmLFGgfrW6wRZnEyVpl55xmTkbi2bidt3wpn2DlHLuAC1ep82fXx_9vztQMkNyG4SfxduEUY3EaQqg8/s400/756px-Filariasis_01.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498656200638933506" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><br /></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;">Wuchereria bancrofti</span></b></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> or Filaria, is a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite" title="Parasite" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">parasitic</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">filarial nematode</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> worm spread by a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">mosquito</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" title="Vector (epidemiology)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">vector</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. It is one of the three parasites that cause </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">lymphatic filariasis</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, an infection of the lymphatic system by filarial worms. It affects over 120 million people, primarily in Africa, South America, and other tropical and sub-tropical countries</span></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">W. bancrofti</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> largely affects areas across the broad equatorial belt (Africa, the Nile Delta, Turkey, India, the East Indies, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Oceanic Islands, Australia, and parts of South America.)</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The mosquito vectors of </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">W. bancrofti</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> have a preference for human blood and it appears that humans are the only animals naturally infected with </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">W. bancrofti</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. There is no reservoir host.</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Obstructive (Chronic) Phase: Marked by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymph_varices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lymph varices (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">lymph varices</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, lymph scrotum, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocele" title="Hydrocele" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">hydrocele</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyluria" title="Chyluria" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">chyluria</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> (lymph in urine), and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantiasis" title="Elephantiasis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">elephantiasis</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. Microfilariae are not normally present in this phase. A key feature of this phase is scar formation from affected tissue areas. Other features include thickening of the skin and elephantiasis, which develops gradually with the attack of the lymphatic system. Elephantiasis affects men mainly in the legs, arms, and scrotum. In women, the legs and arms are affected.</span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The severe symptoms caused by the parasite can be avoided by cleansing the skin, surgery, or the use of therapeutic drugs, such as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylcarbamazine" title="Diethylcarbamazine" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Diethylcarbamazine</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">(DEC), </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">ivermectin</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, or</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albendazole" title="Albendazole" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">albendazole</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">.</span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:13px;"><br /></span></span></div></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-13306737905450693452010-07-21T16:57:00.005-07:002010-07-27T12:30:02.398-07:00Ascaris lumbricoides<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhibHeOFa5cjWt9pkHjb8F4ZLAk6_hFnOsCF4GLL_vLEvXPMHFGHzADzoTKTEjNcEM7bIOl43wgeGGPy-BeCtGfC3sjrq1mQ__I3dF0u_OJ8QHzDaMyUVy4VwH4QGeMH7HFxUJSO9h6GRk/s1600/mapworm.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 273px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhibHeOFa5cjWt9pkHjb8F4ZLAk6_hFnOsCF4GLL_vLEvXPMHFGHzADzoTKTEjNcEM7bIOl43wgeGGPy-BeCtGfC3sjrq1mQ__I3dF0u_OJ8QHzDaMyUVy4VwH4QGeMH7HFxUJSO9h6GRk/s400/mapworm.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498664441314014386" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80WR7JrAZVNqPuSzZ1oCDCjZANc-aAtZ0UOO71zX6f9xMoDI0H4Z0kZ2P_6dlRtCbUlZs2g2AMlzfJKDQjMjLXvWzj20kWyVqwAGUzRrj6_Vx7nxKXqCNfc2KNMyZ3o1eXCRkdIiUxSo/s1600/003.jpg"></a><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80WR7JrAZVNqPuSzZ1oCDCjZANc-aAtZ0UOO71zX6f9xMoDI0H4Z0kZ2P_6dlRtCbUlZs2g2AMlzfJKDQjMjLXvWzj20kWyVqwAGUzRrj6_Vx7nxKXqCNfc2KNMyZ3o1eXCRkdIiUxSo/s1600/003.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><img style="text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 268px; height: 400px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80WR7JrAZVNqPuSzZ1oCDCjZANc-aAtZ0UOO71zX6f9xMoDI0H4Z0kZ2P_6dlRtCbUlZs2g2AMlzfJKDQjMjLXvWzj20kWyVqwAGUzRrj6_Vx7nxKXqCNfc2KNMyZ3o1eXCRkdIiUxSo/s400/003.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498663248977698178" /></a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFjYHFWaqlPCRIB0SMt3bxwL9hSubX9sM2GJbWq_y_hSJSq35wb5utNzswIIvushN8P1V72rTYqIJjdAXBW18AyaC9ttEfAl9qIS5lBjzLefC7tDQZidPMhExk7WE6aAbNa0khsME_p0/s1600/ascaris.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 376px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFjYHFWaqlPCRIB0SMt3bxwL9hSubX9sM2GJbWq_y_hSJSq35wb5utNzswIIvushN8P1V72rTYqIJjdAXBW18AyaC9ttEfAl9qIS5lBjzLefC7tDQZidPMhExk7WE6aAbNa0khsME_p0/s400/ascaris.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498663066634581298" /></a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfmPRv6RAidrX3Srr6a45k_OjYgoORbJcxrKHV23LziUWqJQCl8L-Qyq24T660X4zZl7_1ceMw3hakAnNBBuRQqpW9CIYkjui7aPK-vnLONuQxCJl5-106yxZrMVfLRfWBsIHiqM-O17M/s1600/Ascaris_lumbricoides.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfmPRv6RAidrX3Srr6a45k_OjYgoORbJcxrKHV23LziUWqJQCl8L-Qyq24T660X4zZl7_1ceMw3hakAnNBBuRQqpW9CIYkjui7aPK-vnLONuQxCJl5-106yxZrMVfLRfWBsIHiqM-O17M/s400/Ascaris_lumbricoides.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498662965694435938" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Ascaris lumbricoides</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is the giant roundworm of humans, belonging to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">phylum</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Nematoda</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. An </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaridida" title="Ascaridida" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">ascarid nematode</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, it is responsible for the disease </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">ascariasis</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> in humans, and it is the largest and most common </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">parasitic worm</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> in humans. A quarter of the human population is estimated to be infected by this </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite" title="Parasite" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">parasite</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Ascariasis</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is prevalent worldwide and more so in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical" title="Tropical" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">tropical</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical" title="Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">subtropical countries</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Ascaris lumbricoides</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, or "roundworm", infections in humans occur when an ingested infective egg releases a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" title="Larva" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">larval worm</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> that penetrates the wall of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">duodenum</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and enters the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_stream" title="Blood stream" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">blood stream</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. From here, it is carried to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">liver</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart" title="Heart" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">heart</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, and enters </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">pulmonary circulation</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> to break free in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">alveoli</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, where it grows and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molt" title="Molt" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">molts</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. In 3 weeks, the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" title="Larva" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">larvae</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> pass from the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">respiratory system</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> to be coughed up, swallowed, and thus returned to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">small intestine</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, where they mature to adult male and female worms. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization" title="Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Fertilization</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> can now occur and the female produces as many as 200,000 eggs per day for a year. These fertilized eggs become infectious after 2 weeks in soil; they can persist in soil for 10 years or more.</span><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">The eggs have a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">lipid</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> layer, containing ascarocides and it makes them resistant to the effects of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">acids</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">alkalis</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> as well as other unpleasant chemicals. This resilience helps to explain why this </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">nematode</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is such a ubiquitous </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite" title="Parasite" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">parasite</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">.</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Most </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">diagnoses</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> are made by identifying the appearance of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm" title="Worm" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">worm</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> or eggs in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces" title="Feces" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">feces</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. Due to the large quantity of eggs laid </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians" title="Physicians" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">physicians</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> can </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnose" title="Diagnose" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">diagnose</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> using only one or two </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_smear" title="Fecal smear" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">fecal smears</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">.</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Infections can be treated with drugs called </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaricide" title="Ascaricide" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">ascaricides</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. The treatment of choice is </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebendazole" title="Mebendazole" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Mebendazole</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. The drug functions by binding to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin" title="Tubulin" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">tubulin</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> in the worms' intestinal cells and body wall muscles. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazoxanide" title="Nitazoxanide" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Nitazoxanide</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">ivermectin</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> can also be used.</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p></span><p></p></span></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-35084921775667633782010-07-21T16:57:00.003-07:002010-07-27T12:17:26.009-07:00Schistosoma mansoni<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTZgMCs5CY6foVx3c34EByn-eZbFAyf3Sh8bgoTbm5vdbLVvEnLrezrRvoKxJc7OSWjHFgXfOxhoqMxusPvh1r56doeqmjSDHZCyy5fcTvh3DyHY1K24nL8saMXDDPJJIFFO4tQNouPdc/s1600/schistosomiasis-parasitic-disease.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 240px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTZgMCs5CY6foVx3c34EByn-eZbFAyf3Sh8bgoTbm5vdbLVvEnLrezrRvoKxJc7OSWjHFgXfOxhoqMxusPvh1r56doeqmjSDHZCyy5fcTvh3DyHY1K24nL8saMXDDPJJIFFO4tQNouPdc/s400/schistosomiasis-parasitic-disease.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498666751623436162" /></a><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFUfUt4wEJdhiteekC4VXtgpEUASxVRMoB4IsgGMdHr9H5wmXu9-YjfjajrMDPWwuFIwQj3dDJGU_aT6PwW1OAEyfvdBtQaTYMvWkk4YiyguoJJFM38BNw5yUl3kt9VzPI9CN0-IP6THk/s1600/vector8.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 268px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFUfUt4wEJdhiteekC4VXtgpEUASxVRMoB4IsgGMdHr9H5wmXu9-YjfjajrMDPWwuFIwQj3dDJGU_aT6PwW1OAEyfvdBtQaTYMvWkk4YiyguoJJFM38BNw5yUl3kt9VzPI9CN0-IP6THk/s400/vector8.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498666680408293746" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSM-HuPiHaHIctr127QZYhdbxWdF3I84t5SHXkRdKwhNehzQxFbDr9d5_cR3HVOuM3aMYF-OhRCuDcd-Bp2KZhPEXAh1eX1XQ0c1NnKQ-qzg4pvn3_feqwN-3obf_e3WnWcsHWkHmHuKY/s1600/schistosoma-mansoni-lifecycle.jpg"></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSM-HuPiHaHIctr127QZYhdbxWdF3I84t5SHXkRdKwhNehzQxFbDr9d5_cR3HVOuM3aMYF-OhRCuDcd-Bp2KZhPEXAh1eX1XQ0c1NnKQ-qzg4pvn3_feqwN-3obf_e3WnWcsHWkHmHuKY/s1600/schistosoma-mansoni-lifecycle.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><img style="text-align: left;display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 349px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSM-HuPiHaHIctr127QZYhdbxWdF3I84t5SHXkRdKwhNehzQxFbDr9d5_cR3HVOuM3aMYF-OhRCuDcd-Bp2KZhPEXAh1eX1XQ0c1NnKQ-qzg4pvn3_feqwN-3obf_e3WnWcsHWkHmHuKY/s400/schistosoma-mansoni-lifecycle.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498666550988028322" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHZSR0nz1Ac3suIxTpd7-2IIgQNzAEXUpXdVI9UWgwYYSbO9aLsBqdRqA5P7U4Dkxrs8Wo1fCwA8xxDWHO9Dh0W97JGC7Fh9-tGiWNbdTaj_Z1XEiv5qAKaWhEX6yhmjisMCiCTk7mp48/s1600/Schis.mansoni7068179988.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 295px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHZSR0nz1Ac3suIxTpd7-2IIgQNzAEXUpXdVI9UWgwYYSbO9aLsBqdRqA5P7U4Dkxrs8Wo1fCwA8xxDWHO9Dh0W97JGC7Fh9-tGiWNbdTaj_Z1XEiv5qAKaWhEX6yhmjisMCiCTk7mp48/s400/Schis.mansoni7068179988.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498666433908128210" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxatg-sByUBydp1HwGyOHYEUsH-PUObnCtVSe6_e_e0KYDS_7lGQmQ0aRMKJnDYA0Og3i52mOddUcx9c-Hh8DUBgFXVPKxlTPSyIT5lAtViukx9SS7fSZV7CloELzK38pe_aZYXSIkdpg/s1600/map.mansoni.gif"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 231px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxatg-sByUBydp1HwGyOHYEUsH-PUObnCtVSe6_e_e0KYDS_7lGQmQ0aRMKJnDYA0Og3i52mOddUcx9c-Hh8DUBgFXVPKxlTPSyIT5lAtViukx9SS7fSZV7CloELzK38pe_aZYXSIkdpg/s400/map.mansoni.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498666270802598866" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><br /></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><br /></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><br /></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><br /></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><br /></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><br /></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Schistosoma mansoni</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> is a significant </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parasites_(human)" title="List of parasites (human)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">parasite of humans</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">, a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">trematode</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> that is one of the major agents of the disease </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">schistosomiasis</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">. The schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni is </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intestinal_schistosomiasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intestinal schistosomiasis (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">intestinal schistosomiasis</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">.</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Schistosomes are atypical trematodes in that the adult stages have two sexes (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious" title="Dioecious" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">dioecious</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">) and are located in blood vessels of the definitive host. Most other trematodes are </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphroditic" title="Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">hermaphroditic</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> and are found in the intestinal tract or in organs, such as the liver. The lifecycle of schistosomes includes two hosts: a definitive host (i.e. human) where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction, and a single intermediate snail host where there are a number of asexual reproductive stages.</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /></span></p></span></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-63121715378228661642010-07-21T16:57:00.001-07:002010-07-28T06:03:18.643-07:00Karen Silkwood and Erin Brokovich<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2PfotMoKEm43Qg98nOfVktgMrw46gz3lsglKu69Bdfj5db4SXAFnQLgvyyQN7G8RW7pqO-LwhwCpEcSfCFdaMmGCTjdbqP7viTWbkersHI7CM-Ua2SwccNgXM_ooK9gR5t3j_d3YhCeM/s1600/p-solo2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 290px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2PfotMoKEm43Qg98nOfVktgMrw46gz3lsglKu69Bdfj5db4SXAFnQLgvyyQN7G8RW7pqO-LwhwCpEcSfCFdaMmGCTjdbqP7viTWbkersHI7CM-Ua2SwccNgXM_ooK9gR5t3j_d3YhCeM/s400/p-solo2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498939018484430242" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Erin Brokovich</span></span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dGutOJKodTJQ1Zenz920q8evy9GehdgVYumyLdtsbjOz_dbTC-NpdbEdMElAnjiRITkvCuFiyYmnMFiQjEoh_A55gy2M_no7lRgi0jKItjqF_kaMESJ2GFt1DsLM_VFempRdMzIN6kA/s1600/silkwood-karen.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 277px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8dGutOJKodTJQ1Zenz920q8evy9GehdgVYumyLdtsbjOz_dbTC-NpdbEdMElAnjiRITkvCuFiyYmnMFiQjEoh_A55gy2M_no7lRgi0jKItjqF_kaMESJ2GFt1DsLM_VFempRdMzIN6kA/s400/silkwood-karen.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498932684342417698" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><b>(February 19, 1946 – November 13, 1974)</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Karen Silk</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">wood was a scientist, who worked in a nuclear factory in Oklahoma (The Kerr- McGee plant). She was </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">making </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">plutonium</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellets" title="Pellets" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">pellets</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> for </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">nuclear reactor</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> fuel rods. She died under mysterious circumstances after investigating claims of irregularities and wrongdoing at the Kerr-McGee plant (</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> Silkwood's body was found in her car, which had run off the road and struck a </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert" title="Culvert" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">culvert</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. She was pronounced dead at the scene from a "classic, one-car sleeping-driver accident".)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">It is believed that Karen Silkwood had uncovered numerous violations of health regulations, including exposure of workers to contamination, faulty respiratory equipment and improper storage of samples. She also believed the lack of sufficient shower facilities could increase the risk of employee contamination.Before she died, she was diagnosed with chronic plutonium toxicity. Karen Silkwood was very active in several Worker's Unions and was getting ready to testify and reveal all the violations occuring at the Kerr-McGee plant. It is believed that she was killed to prevent her from testifying against the company. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Kerr-McGee's management asserted that she had contaminated herself in order to paint the company in a negative light. It is theorized that her house was broken into, and the plutonium was placed in her home to further contaminate her with intent of causing her death; and at the same time, attempting to frame her for intentionally contaminating herself, so she could not pursue civil compensation from Kerr-McGee for her contamination.</span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px;font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Similarly, Erin Brokovich an American </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralegal" title="Paralegal" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">legal clerk</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_activist" title="Environmental activist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">environmental activist</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> was instrumental in constructing a case against the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company" title="Pacific Gas and Electric Company" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Pacific Gas and Electric Company</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> (PG&E) of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">California</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> in 1993. The case alleged contamination of drinking water with </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">hexavalent chromium</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">, also known as chromium(VI), in the southern California town of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinkley,_California" title="Hinkley, California" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Hinkley</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. At the center of the case was a facility called the Hinkley Compressor Station, part of a natural gas pipeline connecting to the San Francisco Bay Area and constructed in 1952. Between 1952 and 1966, PG&E used hexavalent chromium to fight </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">corrosion</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> in the cooling tower. The wastewater dissolved the hexavalent chromium from the cooling towers and was discharged to unlined ponds at the site. Some of the wastewater percolated into the groundwater, affecting an area near the plant approximately two miles long and nearly a mile wide.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 10px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">The case was </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(law)" title="Settlement (law)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">settled</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> in 1996 for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">US $</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">333 million, the largest settlement ever paid in a direct action lawsuit in US history. Erin Brokovich was very active in several other lawsuits and fights for</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> the protection of the environment and Public health. Just like Karen Silkwood, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">she was driven for her passion for the environment and for health and they are big Icons for environmentalists.</span></span></span></span></div><br /></span></div></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-65448164894400533722010-07-21T16:48:00.000-07:002010-07-28T06:12:32.455-07:00Three Mile Island Unit 2 Incident<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuft5gz5a83ZN-9k5ZGHnqHhbushTHAoL6tbiTJR86VBwl-U43B8fLtvIkeQeND4Yev6g1L9PT1ttmgmwfMBMsubmELJL6n4lUC8u8-NyTRETomCr7MqXMu368PuKsS-pYgX94p6NUo38/s1600/Three_Mile_Island.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 265px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuft5gz5a83ZN-9k5ZGHnqHhbushTHAoL6tbiTJR86VBwl-U43B8fLtvIkeQeND4Yev6g1L9PT1ttmgmwfMBMsubmELJL6n4lUC8u8-NyTRETomCr7MqXMu368PuKsS-pYgX94p6NUo38/s400/Three_Mile_Island.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5498661307716585858" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><div>In March 1979, a nuclear accident occurred at the Three Mile Island Unit 2. The incident resulted in the first case of melted fuel in a full scale commerical nuclear power plant. The melted fuel causes thousands of people to get evacuated from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The incident was also considered a catalyst for the creation of yet another federal agency. The accident occurred when a small valve failed to close, causing cooling water to drain from the nuclear core. The core quickly began to overheat. Confronted by baffling and contradictory information, plant operators shut off the emergency water system that would have cooled the core. Operators were able to quickly contain the leak, avoiding a serious "meltdown".<br />Ironically, two weeks earlier, a motion picture called "china syndrome" was released; the movie's story was about the eventuality that an American nuclear plant melts down which would cause the core melt through the Earth until it reaches China. After the catastrophe, the U.S nuclear activity nearly ceased, giving way to extensive fossil fuel used and giving birth to the US dependency on oil. </div><div><br /></div><div>Nearly thirty years later, environmentalist have started to worry about the active rebirth of nuclear activity in the country for several reasons. Some fear that excessive nuclear activity will create more health issues for residents. Others believe that nuclear energy is the answer because it would significantly reduce the burning of fossil fuels which is believe have a big reponsibility in global warming upsurge in the amount of extreme weather events, such as wildfires, heat waves, and strong tropical storms, is attributed in part to climate change by some experts and is constantly raising the issue of global warming.Between 1970 and 2004, global greenhouse gases significantly. Some environmentalists believe that global warming is a phenomenon due to human activities. They argue that no one has to be an environmentalist to know that those 70% constitute a massive jump in pollutants and a big problem for the effect it has on the planet’s natural temperature. They also believe that it is worse for carbon dioxide; its annual emissions grew by about 80 per cent between the same period. The also argue that our society releases too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere much faster than plants and oceans can absorb it. Therefore, they believe that nuclear energy is the answer to slow down global warming. I personally believe that nuclear energy could solve a lot of energy issues, if used properly and if in he right hands, because research has proven it to be clean, green, and safe. Over the years, global warming and nuclear energy has become a political issue, dividing political parties significantly. Such delicate issues are topics that are not often discussed in classrooms because they stir a lot of passion. In other settings, like healthcare departments, there is a certain way to address these issues because lobbying is not allowed in the Public Health system and professionals have to be careful not to cross the line of advocacy and lobbying.<br /></div><div><br /></div></span>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-70494489940382977352010-07-06T21:39:00.000-07:002010-07-06T21:45:47.805-07:00Global warming: Hoax or Reality<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyyeQx7PQo43B4Xy6ArcuKgJ1aIXSRdGBFEHs9reFoBPRpVwFqt9c6pAur_wwG1DnDWrmtt_93hJUTIjATU1P5flYgwmydPoeNwBPg-clNyfNVZPPHRyQgFvsh_ZHdBhisrv-Js-NH2g0/s1600/global-warming.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 342px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyyeQx7PQo43B4Xy6ArcuKgJ1aIXSRdGBFEHs9reFoBPRpVwFqt9c6pAur_wwG1DnDWrmtt_93hJUTIjATU1P5flYgwmydPoeNwBPg-clNyfNVZPPHRyQgFvsh_ZHdBhisrv-Js-NH2g0/s400/global-warming.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5491019982203882610" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">CAUSES AND EFFECTS AS PERCEIVED BY PRO GLOBAL WARMING ENVIRONMENTALISTS</span></b></div><div><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Black";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Black";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:14.0pt;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">An upsurge in the amount of extreme weather events, such as wildfires, heat waves, and strong tropical storms, is attributed in part to climate change by some experts and is constantly raising the issue of global warming.</span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Black"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:14.0pt;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Between 1970 and 2004, global greenhouse gases (GHGs) have increased 70 per cent. Some strongly believe that global warming is a phenomenon due to human activities. They argue that no one has to be an environmentalist to know that those 70% constitute a massive jump in pollutants and a big problem for the effect it has on the planet’s natural temperature. They also believe that it is worse for carbon dioxide; its annual emissions grew by about 80 per cent between the same period. The also argue that our society releases too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere much faster than plants and oceans can absorb it.</span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:19.0pt;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Black";mso-bidi-font-family:Verdana;font-size:16.0pt;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Those who oppose the theory of global warming being promoted by human activities believe that history (the Medieval Warm Period and the little ice age) are good enough to justify today’s warm temperatures and natural phenomenon.</span></b></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Black";mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;font-size:13.0pt;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> The Medieval Warm Period was a time of </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm"><span style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">warm</span></b></span></span></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"><span style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">climate</span></b></span></span></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> in the </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"><span style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">North Atlantic</span></b></span></span></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> region, that may also have been related to other </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"><span style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">climate</span></b></span></span></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> events around the world during that time which lasted from about AD 950–1250.</span></b></span><span style=" ;font-family:'Arial Black';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span></b></span><span style="mso-bidi- font-family:"Arial Black";mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;font-size:13.0pt;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">It was followed by a cooler period in the </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"><span style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">North Atlantic</span></b></span></span></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> termed the </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ice_Age"><span style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Little Ice Age</span></b></span></span></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. </span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Black"; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;font-size:13.0pt;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Despite substantial uncertainties, especially for the period prior to 1600 when data are scarce, the warmest period prior to the 20th century very likely occurred between 950 and 1100, but temperatures were probably between 0.1°C and 0.2°C below the 1961 to 1990 mean and significantly below the level shown by instrumental data after 1980. The heterogeneous nature of climate during the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ is illustrated by the wide spread of values exhibited by the individual records. At that time, CO2 emissions were not as important as they are today; global warming protestors argue that the current warm temperatures are not unusual and are justified by history. </span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>GLOBAL WARNING SUGGESTED LINKS<div><br /></div><div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.greenworldtrust.org.uk/Images/TPlanetSk/CO2-temp-recent.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.greenworldtrust.org.uk/Science/Social/Reconsider.htm&usg=__JWLsrVQGZX55XB390Xx3IipsWmA=&h=300&w=392&sz=21&hl=en&start=6&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=OzjuLkwBaxvzDM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcorrelation%2Bbetween%2Bcarbon%2Bdioxide%2Band%2Btemperature%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1<br /><br />http://www.john-daly.com/hockey/hockey.htm<br /><br />http://www.sciencebits.com/IceCoreTruth<br /><br />http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art32201.asp<br /><br />http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html<br /><br />http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/about/</span></b></span></div><div><br /></div></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-38945142323228291442010-07-06T21:06:00.000-07:002010-07-06T21:39:39.197-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMgq4wPFSnPFExkjwk8Q0g-ZffTSfdqeVWAmb9ZXWwTP1EokXBZ1NQCAHBL18ZB0bVt6zXw27JZF1nvTrbjmtXJ3spVQSjgoF62RgQqT3BguYU9bzgLcex4V3NfaACVluixHBEfBV3DLI/s1600/275px-2000_Year_Temperature_Comparison.png"><br /><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 275px; height: 203px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMgq4wPFSnPFExkjwk8Q0g-ZffTSfdqeVWAmb9ZXWwTP1EokXBZ1NQCAHBL18ZB0bVt6zXw27JZF1nvTrbjmtXJ3spVQSjgoF62RgQqT3BguYU9bzgLcex4V3NfaACVluixHBEfBV3DLI/s400/275px-2000_Year_Temperature_Comparison.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5491019131717150210" /></a><br /><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>About twenty years ago, many scientists wondered on the existence or not of a global warming proven. The observations and measures carried out these recent years raised more questions about the issue. </b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Our planet is warming up. The last 20 years were the hottest in 400 years, according to several studies.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Arial Black', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span></span><!--StartFragment--></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Arial Black', serif;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b>An upsurge in the amount of extreme weather events, such as wildfires, heat waves, and strong tropical storms, is attributed in part to climate chan</b></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">ge by some experts and is constantly raising the issue of global warming.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> </span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;line-height:17.0pt;mso-pagination: none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Black";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment-->debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-39073993439703350252010-07-06T21:05:00.000-07:002010-07-06T21:06:08.905-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkyZ0LUP57xSlX0dTW_aA_3yVYUvcR7t4BANmaV9akyfCyiFwUKbzlPFM1BgF2_XY436SqZ_qdhEQvNFYc4ais1HP0FyBzMAxZV37wQNYcYkRPb4HZG2NTROXsXyK0_1Cw17UhvcPwQTA/s1600/global-warming1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 292px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkyZ0LUP57xSlX0dTW_aA_3yVYUvcR7t4BANmaV9akyfCyiFwUKbzlPFM1BgF2_XY436SqZ_qdhEQvNFYc4ais1HP0FyBzMAxZV37wQNYcYkRPb4HZG2NTROXsXyK0_1Cw17UhvcPwQTA/s400/global-warming1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5491010707659490050" /></a>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-4677849085888264652010-06-28T06:56:00.000-07:002010-06-28T08:43:34.510-07:00An Overview of Silent Sprint by Rachel Carson<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx8VyV1Dleen6QV0obW3cD2m1GaBqBJIYkX5-1YigIF11cyVSxDAfJjr_lyopGJ1GcT_yfcuO5RQGtVeMyrb5ZjPoW4zmXmPtTZYqkPBchzjk_KRp10Dwyx64g8NgzhIRuNr3HwXbpDk8/s1600/silent-spring.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 266px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx8VyV1Dleen6QV0obW3cD2m1GaBqBJIYkX5-1YigIF11cyVSxDAfJjr_lyopGJ1GcT_yfcuO5RQGtVeMyrb5ZjPoW4zmXmPtTZYqkPBchzjk_KRp10Dwyx64g8NgzhIRuNr3HwXbpDk8/s400/silent-spring.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5487849878956266642" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 1 "A FABLE FOR TOMORROW"</span></b></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Rachel Carson describes a city in beautiful city in which peace and harmony reign...birds..wildflowers...trees... foxes and deers in wooded areas.. a nicely preserved and protected wildlife...So beautiful that tourists are constantly attracted to its magic. Suddenly, the birds disappear, trees and flowers succumb, the people get seriously ill, and doctors are unable to identify the malaise.<br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 2 "THE OBLIGATION TO ENDURE"</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The environment has played a major role in the circle of life. Humans have modified that sacred environment, polluting it with waste, radiation and toxic chemicals such as insecticides/pesticides/herbicides.</span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 3 "ELIXIRS OF DEATH"</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Carson addresses the toxicity of synthetic pesticides and describes them and their widespread use in our environment. Those chemicals have made their way into humans and animals food chain by contaminating groundwater sources and will remain for the next 12 years. Pesticides tend to accumulate in fatty tissues of most wild animals; at the time it was very hard o find uncontaminated animals for research.</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">They make organs malfunction and cause cancer.</span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 4 "SURFACE WATERS AND UNDERGROUND SEAS"</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Insecticides/pesticides/herbicides are a major source of water contamination.</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">They combine with other pollutants and substances in water to form new, unidentifiable substances that in some cases are known only as "gunk." This is very alarming as the global fresh water shortage is only getting worst over the years.</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 5 "REALMS OF THE SOIL"</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Carson describes an interdependent circle of life in which l</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">ife depends on the soil, and the soil depends on animal life to be replenished and nourished. Specific chemical processes are needed for the soil to sustain life. </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Insecticides/pesticides/herbicides are not naturally part of those chemicals and negatively disturb and alter the soil.</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 6 "EARTH'S GREEN MANTLE"</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Without plants, no animal life could exist but humans hold a narrow view of plants, using them when they are immediately useful but destroying them if an immediate use for them is not obvious. A good example given was that of weeds; Humans believe weeds to be useless plants, and are constantly working on creating more efficient weed herbicides.</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 7 "NEEDLESS HAVOC"</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Carson elaborates on different circumstances in which humans destroyed life such as the slaughter of buffalo, the massacre of shorebirds, and the near-decimation of egrets for their feathers. Sprayings are actively contributing in extinguishing several living species.</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 8 "AND NO BIRDS SING"</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Spraying against such things as Dutch elm disease and fire ants has destroyed birds by the thousands. DDT is destroying insects as well as plants and birds.</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 9 "RIVERS OF DEATH"</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">1953..New Brunswick...Salmon migration occurred as usual in the Miramichi river. By the spring of 1954, salmon began to die as the Government sprayed chemicals to get rid of budworm. Along with all the insects and most of the birds in the millions of sprayed acres, the entire 1954 hatch of salmon died; five-sixths of the 1953 hatch died; and one-third of the 1952 hatch died leaving the budworm population to thrive.</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 10 "INDISCRIMINATELY FROM THE SKIES"</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Up until WW2, chemicals wee sprayed "with caution"; during the war, chemicals were sprayed from airplanes without any warning to the populations below, triggering alarming consequences. Carson gives the example of the spraying of 1 million acres (mostly residential areas) in 1956 to eliminate the gypsy moth. Despite complaints and, the next year's spraying included 3,000,000 acres.</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 11 " BEYOND THE DREAMS OF THE BORGIAS"</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Most of the contamination of the earth happens not in the massive sprayings of huge government operations but in the small-scale sprayings of individuals. People are subjected daily to small doses of chemical poisoning. This exposure builds up over time until people get diseases and die. </span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 12 "THE HUMAN PRICE"</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">This chapter addresses Public Health problems which used to be exclusively caused by diseases such as smallpox, cholera, and plague. Humans have caused a new type of public health crisis by introducing dangerous radiation and chemicals into our environment in huge quantities.</span></b></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 13 "THROUGH A NARROW WINDOW"</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Many of the chemicals we apply indiscriminately to our environment act to disrupt the vital cellular function that keeps us alive. </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Carson discusses to the medical research that links insecticides and pesticides to illnesses and death in animals/ humans.</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 14 "ONE IN EVERY FOUR"</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Because life, including human life, adapts to environmental changes extremely slowly, the carcinogens that man has created relatively recently in the span of history can have drastic effects on humans, as well as other creatures. </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Research have shown that insecticides/pesticides/herbicides may cause cancer, just like arsenic or radiation.</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 15 "NATURE FIGHTS BACK"</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Despite our efforts to control unwanted insects by application and spraying of new insecticides, the insects keep coming back. Insects are genetically adapting to the chemicals we use and becoming resistant. Those chemicals are only weakening entire ecosystems.</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">When people interfere in nature’s control process, they upset the balance of nature. </span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 16 "THE RUMBLINGS ON AN AVALANCHE"</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Before DDT was introduced, chemical control experts had begun to recognize the habit of insects to come back after spraying. With the introduction of DDT, the "true Age of Resistance" began. People hadn’t become alarmed by this fact by the mid-century. Only those who worked with disease-carrying insects realized the severe danger of resistant insects.</span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF0000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 17 "THE OTHER ROAD"</span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The other road of this chapter's title is the path of non-chemical control of unwanted insects and plants. Only by this "other road," the "one 'less traveled by,"' can we ensure our planet's survival. It is up to us to assert our right not to be poisoned.</span></b></span></span></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-8766037359757782632010-06-27T15:59:00.000-07:002010-06-27T17:15:55.662-07:00"Rachel Carson is responsible for the unnecessary death of millions of Africans because she wrote a book called Silent Spring".<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';">DDT was a pesticide used for Mosquitos. Rachel Carson is indirectly blamed for millions of deaths in Africa because after she wrote Silent Sprint, the US stopped funding DDT supplies for African countries with high rates of malaria. Silent spring demonstrated that DDT was a poison when used in very large quantities and can be harmful to humans, animals and plants. The US has been funding bed nets and basic insecticides for African countries; the article </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';">"Save the World" Enviros Are Killing Millions of African Kids"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';">http://www.realclearpolitics.com/Commentary/com-12_14_05_JS.html</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"> gives more details about the issue. It addresses the issue of whether</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"> the law "should promote human life, or should it sacrifice human beings and their quality of life on the altar of Gaia?" </span></span></span></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';">This issue is a true dilemma: By suppressing the use of DDT in third world countries, other issues such as higher mortality rates arise. With all the scientific resources available to the US, there should be an alternative to DDT for mosquitoes extermination and to get malaria under control. The fact that DDT is not safe for humans is no excuse for so many lives to be lost to malaria. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';">More details are available at </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';">http://www.realclearpolitics.com/Commentary/com-12_14_05_JS.html</span></span></span></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-33828185346185556832010-06-27T15:26:00.001-07:002010-06-27T15:30:55.232-07:00CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DDT<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil7wMfm2Juqa6f66FH_w3UK_UhvFvSbwcjsHJ2Te_ThhIYGXOAEl0asMWOK3hwnMrw1-YmoRZTddVJepTDyamPSnmYIN6NYPnsuC4XvNyDxUZiYG7SGSlBcRmRz16c7xGezPl9qc0dm10/s1600/DDT_chemical_structure_highres.png"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 242px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil7wMfm2Juqa6f66FH_w3UK_UhvFvSbwcjsHJ2Te_ThhIYGXOAEl0asMWOK3hwnMrw1-YmoRZTddVJepTDyamPSnmYIN6NYPnsuC4XvNyDxUZiYG7SGSlBcRmRz16c7xGezPl9qc0dm10/s400/DDT_chemical_structure_highres.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5487584473611832066" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2si_a8AxBWuJYoDf4PikL7ydaDkuhNMELkxRCoQ05kdpvA28_mH5Wtrg6SMn9jayi0FR6RDeACRfhRs5t66LsyCx3JFXqs5wTNRgyNfa4AIKCAOEDk8iJb08YIuSRO8VQUB2yXL4tSbk/s1600/DDT_chemical_structure_highres.png"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">DDT</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> (from its </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">trivial name</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">, </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">d</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">ichloro</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">d</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">iphenyl</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">t</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">richloroethane) is one of the most well-known synthetic </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">pesticides</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. It is a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical" title="Chemical" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">chemical</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> with a long, unique, and controversial . </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> 1962, American biologist </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Rachel Carson</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> wrote </span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Silent Spring</span></span></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. The book cataloged the environmental impacts of indiscriminate DDT use in the US and questioned the logic of releasing large amounts of chemicals into the environment without fully understanding their effects on the environment or human health. The book suggested that DDT and other pesticides cause </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">cancer</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">birds</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. Its publication was a signature event in the birth of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">environmental movement</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. It produced a large public outcry that led to a 1972 ban in the US</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 10px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> DDT was subsequently banned for agricultural use worldwide under the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention" title="Stockholm Convention" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Stockholm Convention</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">, but limited, controversial use in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" title="Vector (epidemiology)" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">disease vector</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">control</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> continues.</span></span></span>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-6204287496658636312010-06-27T14:53:00.000-07:002010-06-27T15:31:56.829-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioYYGXK1gNEk-T4TyQ-5kVFN3yurchu8hyGDa4m0vteWLcgXRawn3ZfX1TRAp-eHYtVyJfbbdf6oEnPPwMPj6uPkHCd4Ln_iwQgYGuNTvNUVLOEU7Us2HIFCEGpM_xqOcDXwvuGSwGV_M/s1600/rachelcarson.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 376px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioYYGXK1gNEk-T4TyQ-5kVFN3yurchu8hyGDa4m0vteWLcgXRawn3ZfX1TRAp-eHYtVyJfbbdf6oEnPPwMPj6uPkHCd4Ln_iwQgYGuNTvNUVLOEU7Us2HIFCEGpM_xqOcDXwvuGSwGV_M/s400/rachelcarson.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5487583191031769874" /></a><br /><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Rachel Louise Carson</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) was an American </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">marine biologist</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_writer" title="Nature writer" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">nature writer</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> whose writings are credited with advancing the global </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">environmental movement</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">In the late 1950s, Carson turned her attention to conservation and the environmental problems caused by synthetic </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">pesticides</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">. The result was </span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Silent Spring</span></span></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> (1962), which brought environmental concerns to an unprecedented portion of the American public. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Silent Spring</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy—leading to a nationwide ban on </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">DDT</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> and other pesticides—and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">grassroots</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"> environmental movement the book inspired led to the creation of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Environmental Protection Agency</span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">.</span></span></span></div><div><div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:sans-serif, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div></div></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-73020750168875722222010-06-03T13:15:00.000-07:002010-06-28T06:55:38.986-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuE-jZRMuMgTeoIfprI_QgRG2UjTRNOSQFralWoTZVi6BkzkHz4uct2pj00s68jcQO1naGJSd2cmEvEXvcc688ac5XHOPcsC-975e_T4jqkfX11GdX_qubJwk6Bmn92OzQDSE9v-iz5wM/s1600/epa-logo-1.gif" style="text-decoration: none;"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuE-jZRMuMgTeoIfprI_QgRG2UjTRNOSQFralWoTZVi6BkzkHz4uct2pj00s68jcQO1naGJSd2cmEvEXvcc688ac5XHOPcsC-975e_T4jqkfX11GdX_qubJwk6Bmn92OzQDSE9v-iz5wM/s400/epa-logo-1.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478644935586466450" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 72px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><b>20</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><b>04 EPA and FDA Advice for:</b></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>Women Who Might Become Pregnant</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>Women Who are Pregnant</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>Nursing Mothers</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>Young Children</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 62px; ">By following these three recommendations for selecting and eating fish or shellfish, women and young children will receive the benefits of eating fish and shellfish and be confident that they have reduced their exposure to the harmful effects of mercury.</span><br /></b></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 62px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>***Do not eat Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish because they contain high levels of mercury.</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>***Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>***Five of the most commonly eaten fish that are low in mercury are shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>***Another commonly eaten fish, albacore ("white") tuna has more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, you may eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) per week of fish you cat</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b>ch from local waters, but don't consume any other fish during that week.</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 15px; font-family:Verdana, Tahoma, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><p style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; "></p><p></p><p style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, Tahoma, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF6600;">EPA RECOMMENDATIONS</span></span></b></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, Tahoma, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF6600;">SAFE FOR CONSUMPTION: < .3ppm of mercury</span></span></b></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, Tahoma, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF6600;">No more than 1.0 ppm of mercury/ week</span></span></b></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, Tahoma, sans-serif;color:#6600CC;"><b><br /></b></span></p></span></div></div></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-76204386662086140432010-06-03T13:09:00.000-07:002010-06-03T13:43:06.725-07:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgMciOq6cF4dEUw40aJnWCnlUfkPEDtCbokA57WEZEI7BVYwqAfcgyHebpnsDPbUzbLSNEXZHVhZjb5C9hvPkP5oyTgz_J9jyX-bE1EkuR-nR2qoO1d0vFjUK3urnnwNEkKgao7eM1ixc/s1600/seafood-mercury-warning_600.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 349px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgMciOq6cF4dEUw40aJnWCnlUfkPEDtCbokA57WEZEI7BVYwqAfcgyHebpnsDPbUzbLSNEXZHVhZjb5C9hvPkP5oyTgz_J9jyX-bE1EkuR-nR2qoO1d0vFjUK3urnnwNEkKgao7eM1ixc/s400/seafood-mercury-warning_600.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478650745272972418" /></a><br /><div><br /></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs40SBxpmkkBMu9cogT1itTzY_Q_wfIpN7ZDHeC3xoU08czGZKqOwN9wJTxwEeV5U7d2vRa1JXTMT6ndUAq5Ol7ZimsK-ya5p_RkFXjRzQLdoTg9GAJGVYJiDHwgz579Fm8DwFfUdgNNk/s1600/seafood-mercury-warning_600.jpg"><br /></a></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-81828824231230968192010-06-02T06:30:00.000-07:002010-06-03T12:43:38.161-07:00William (Bill) Fitzgerald<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqiD8DP9cI0M3D5Zd0u_o06uMLILAdAw9yAmRte4swoyXBQxIxL8Yt-Jh8D_PXV0bwatVLsEh-m0foWOhPo-Xwo0tzE_eGogkzlBlX-yY99jtL6WTGzeDdCVWVnTflM25BWm6VKPN7H9w/s1600/fitzgerald.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 161px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqiD8DP9cI0M3D5Zd0u_o06uMLILAdAw9yAmRte4swoyXBQxIxL8Yt-Jh8D_PXV0bwatVLsEh-m0foWOhPo-Xwo0tzE_eGogkzlBlX-yY99jtL6WTGzeDdCVWVnTflM25BWm6VKPN7H9w/s320/fitzgerald.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478635107722976210" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#551A8B;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(170, 187, 204); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; line-height: 17px; font-family:Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:11px;"><div style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" text-decoration: underline;font-size:medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-decoration: underline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">University of Connecticut</span></span></span></b></div><div style="text-decoration: underline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Dept of Marine Sciences</span></span></span></b></div><div style="text-decoration: underline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">1080 Shennecossett Road, Groton, CT 06340</span></span></span></b></div><div style="text-decoration: underline;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><a href="mailto:william.fitzgerald@uconn.edu"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">william.fitzgerald@uconn.edu</span></a></span></span></b></div><div style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div></span></span></span></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-25681937403901113122010-06-02T06:26:00.000-07:002010-06-03T12:45:29.007-07:00Marc Lucotte Ph.D. Professor - Université du Québec à Montréal Program leader - COMERN<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjtOrYjFAe_0YCenam5ulrKyysI230B4alcFtJwXn003yGQxiroavJcZpSSDKSLToURqtymuV0BONaAZH4OlEGo080i3dVB96Ge9uc9tPQANWKg_BsxIoQ2UDo39ga_hjAMRUnjrhIHc/s1600/marc_lucotte_150_01.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjtOrYjFAe_0YCenam5ulrKyysI230B4alcFtJwXn003yGQxiroavJcZpSSDKSLToURqtymuV0BONaAZH4OlEGo080i3dVB96Ge9uc9tPQANWKg_BsxIoQ2UDo39ga_hjAMRUnjrhIHc/s320/marc_lucotte_150_01.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478635894570067058" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCFQTunx9ft5F-E5qZJOVt5h2ByKn3WDMV9T0_lxXhr_v2kzv6n7JvFGe5MDMrNOBdVXYq4RitY8ldSugx-34LWkGt0eQaIAIIlmcJmZWP-3bkXKgvFG9tlNxPoRA1jM25IbaqeiZqyc/s1600/marc_lucotte_150_01.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; line-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Universite du Quebec a Montreal</span></span></b></span></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCFQTunx9ft5F-E5qZJOVt5h2ByKn3WDMV9T0_lxXhr_v2kzv6n7JvFGe5MDMrNOBdVXYq4RitY8ldSugx-34LWkGt0eQaIAIIlmcJmZWP-3bkXKgvFG9tlNxPoRA1jM25IbaqeiZqyc/s1600/marc_lucotte_150_01.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; line-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Institute des Sciences de l'Ënvironnment</span></span></b></span></span></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; line-height: 17px; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; font-family:georgia, serif;font-size:medium;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCFQTunx9ft5F-E5qZJOVt5h2ByKn3WDMV9T0_lxXhr_v2kzv6n7JvFGe5MDMrNOBdVXYq4RitY8ldSugx-34LWkGt0eQaIAIIlmcJmZWP-3bkXKgvFG9tlNxPoRA1jM25IbaqeiZqyc/s1600/marc_lucotte_150_01.jpg">CP 8888, succursale Centre Ville</a></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; font-size:medium;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCFQTunx9ft5F-E5qZJOVt5h2ByKn3WDMV9T0_lxXhr_v2kzv6n7JvFGe5MDMrNOBdVXYq4RitY8ldSugx-34LWkGt0eQaIAIIlmcJmZWP-3bkXKgvFG9tlNxPoRA1jM25IbaqeiZqyc/s1600/marc_lucotte_150_01.jpg">Montreal, Quebec, Canada</a></span></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:medium;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCFQTunx9ft5F-E5qZJOVt5h2ByKn3WDMV9T0_lxXhr_v2kzv6n7JvFGe5MDMrNOBdVXYq4RitY8ldSugx-34LWkGt0eQaIAIIlmcJmZWP-3bkXKgvFG9tlNxPoRA1jM25IbaqeiZqyc/s1600/marc_lucotte_150_01.jpg">H3C 3P8</a></span></div></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-weight: bold; font-size:medium;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkCFQTunx9ft5F-E5qZJOVt5h2ByKn3WDMV9T0_lxXhr_v2kzv6n7JvFGe5MDMrNOBdVXYq4RitY8ldSugx-34LWkGt0eQaIAIIlmcJmZWP-3bkXKgvFG9tlNxPoRA1jM25IbaqeiZqyc/s1600/marc_lucotte_150_01.jpg">lucotte.marc_michel@uqam.ca</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div></span></span>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-8680951494581396342010-06-02T06:08:00.000-07:002010-06-03T13:24:05.323-07:00Dr. Johan (Hans) F. Gottgens. Hans<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFImPmuPTC6XDuDswN0pTWcP19qYY_aD-qexG5LjxCjhY2sbY33LFD_Bb-Ou12OthxaLEh_n43r7XF1urgWXMG-lZvWDX38Bs1xenFDd97SO-O_cWgAvV4nTJ-7tvlHOJs2K8n2K4U0TI/s1600/Gottgens.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 281px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFImPmuPTC6XDuDswN0pTWcP19qYY_aD-qexG5LjxCjhY2sbY33LFD_Bb-Ou12OthxaLEh_n43r7XF1urgWXMG-lZvWDX38Bs1xenFDd97SO-O_cWgAvV4nTJ-7tvlHOJs2K8n2K4U0TI/s320/Gottgens.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478634034181807154" /></a><br /><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#006600;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#006600;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#006600;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 21px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#006600;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Hans Gottgens is an associate professor in the Department of Earth, Ecological and Environmental Sciences at the University of Toledo, OH 43606.</span></span></b></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 153); line-height: 17px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Dept of Environmental Science, University of Toledo</span></span></b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px; "><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">2801 W Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606</span></span></b></span></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">johan.gottgens@utoledo.edu</span></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#003300;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">MERCURY PUBLICATION</span></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF6666;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF6666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 18px; "><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Rood, B.E., J.J. Delfino and J.F. Gottgens. 2000. Bathymetry, paleolimnology and mercury </span></span></b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">accumulation in a sinkhole lake in the Florida Everglades, USA.</span></span></b></span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"> </span></span></b></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol.</span></span></b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"> </span></span></b></span></span></span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">27: 2312-2316.</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Leady, B.S. and J.F. Gottgens. 2001. Mercury accumulation in sediment cores and along food </span></span></b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">chains in two</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"> regions of the Brazilian Pantanal.</span></span></b></span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"> </span></span></b></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Wetlands Ecology and Management</span></span></b></span></span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">9(4): </span></span></b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">349-361</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#003333;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#003333;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">NON MERCURY RELATED PUBLICATION</span></span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Nelson, K.M., J. F. Gottgens and E. J. Tramer. Environmental correlates of tree species </span></span></b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">distribution in a </span></span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Great Lakes tributary floodplain forest. </span></span></b></span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span style="line-height: 18px; "></span></span></span></b></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000099;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;">Wetlands</span></span></b></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></i></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span></b></i></span></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA_a6DY_6cXI3o1u8dqMagSJquVRL5aP8U1oL82quMATE1aYWWmfWj49c6KKr2klUlFs-V7iHNDQZjiZI_uDPretU0vch6OlITebyKto03vPge_AYnIUvtm_BLO5Z2Uft3D2u86FhYRz0/s1600/Gottgens.jpg"><br /></a></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199189542227619544.post-10169029141414853212010-06-02T05:44:00.000-07:002010-06-03T13:22:54.789-07:00Mercury Occurence and Movement in the Environment<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs40SBxpmkkBMu9cogT1itTzY_Q_wfIpN7ZDHeC3xoU08czGZKqOwN9wJTxwEeV5U7d2vRa1JXTMT6ndUAq5Ol7ZimsK-ya5p_RkFXjRzQLdoTg9GAJGVYJiDHwgz579Fm8DwFfUdgNNk/s1600/seafood-mercury-warning_600.jpg"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN_T3QAinfahsmWMifogYyisgETCHwHEZt8G_ExRCXdZschAlOZObLUSrazKhiqlzYSBgMr7CqWzq2GIthySb9bVsG7ZLfH0onLcLLDIYLds9dJ2Y-sKsN1juLBd7cDLtBV4rsDoNUnTY/s1600/figure1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 277px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN_T3QAinfahsmWMifogYyisgETCHwHEZt8G_ExRCXdZschAlOZObLUSrazKhiqlzYSBgMr7CqWzq2GIthySb9bVsG7ZLfH0onLcLLDIYLds9dJ2Y-sKsN1juLBd7cDLtBV4rsDoNUnTY/s320/figure1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478641795589691698" /></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxUuzAbHv2ZhCrDumnTeRdctiBgMjdbMJysUmzwp4DeBy4qH0Dv1fLzhpu4hHyA_V3hqFbBWJaozQaWlHubu_XUAd0ns_OjI0iNvJ2c021enB5V6YY9NJx_1biWJ0DxcVqsy6FB0U4I4/s1600/mercury_cycling_lg.png"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 246px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxUuzAbHv2ZhCrDumnTeRdctiBgMjdbMJysUmzwp4DeBy4qH0Dv1fLzhpu4hHyA_V3hqFbBWJaozQaWlHubu_XUAd0ns_OjI0iNvJ2c021enB5V6YY9NJx_1biWJ0DxcVqsy6FB0U4I4/s320/mercury_cycling_lg.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5478641679695307746" /></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLIldwdSI0J5DGKFgjrKC6O7yQhMpx18ZW78GOYgNRrOHCWh3Wc8JGdeRIftCU4yR1Lgcu2VbQgFEPooiJzvDaUFarmeobUFrM-q_f0bLwg94SCzsqizah_c0e-zCKZcc5-SUYML_omPY/s1600/mercury_lifecycle_with_mining.jpg"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000066;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000066;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000066;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:Times;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000066;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Mercury has been used for hundreds, if not thousands, of years for a wide variety of purposes. Historical uses, which are no longer prevalent, include: preparing felt for hats, controlling mildew in paints, killing weeds as a component of herbicides, and various medical uses-teething powder, antiseptic ointments and syphilis treatment. </span></span></b></span><p class="text" style="font-size:12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000066;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Mercury is released to the environment from many sources. It is still use</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000066;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">d in household and commercial products, as well as industrial processes. Coal-fired power plants, incinerators, some manufacturing plants, hospitals, dental offices, schools and even homes have all been found to release mercury. In the home, mercury can be found in fluorescent lights, thermostats, thermometers, and even some children's toys. At school, mercury may be in science and chemistry classrooms, nurse's office and electrical systems.</span></span></b></span></p><p class="text" style="font-size:12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000066;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></span></p><p class="text" style="font-size:12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;color:#000066;"><b><br /></b></span></p></span></span></div>debassingahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02783729564721140160noreply@blogger.com0